Week 16 Remediation

Remediation is a term that comes from Bolter and Grusin. “We call the representation of one medium in another remediation, and we will argue that remediation is a defining characteristic of the new digital media.  What might seem at first to be an esoteric practice is so widespread that we can identify a spectrum of different ways in which digital media remediate their predecessors.” (2000:45 emph added)

Remediation can refer to a range of conventions, a example of aesthetic conventions being constantly traded between different media.

Video Gaming and Film

Bittanti looked at the history of video games in film and said there is a convergence taking place. He claimed there are new films that remediate, comment and quote video games. These films are in their genre called, Technoludic Films.

Technoludic Film as Commentary

Bittanti said that video games are subordinated to the film. Films are used to critique other mediums like video games. Among the films that exemplify this are The Lawnmower Man (1991) eXistenZ (1999) The Matrix Trilogy(1999ff)

Technoludic Film as Quotation

Video games appear in films as illustrative purposes. There are no central themes of the film but form in fictional worlds as the film is attempting to create. Films that exemplify this approach are Blade Runner (1982) Clockers (1997) a modern example of this sort of film would be Inception (2010).

Technoludic Film as remediation (1) adaption

Brittanti uses remediation as a direct adaption of computer games as a source text for a film not a theme. They are normally translations of a successful game, yet the films have often been critiqued for a poor quality of scripting and acting Films that exemplify this approach are Super Mario Brothers (1993) and Lara Croft : Tomb Raider (2001) Dead or Alive (2006)

Technoludic Film as Remediation (2) adaption

We have seen that there is a broader conception of remediation which is about the incorporation of aesthetic and narrative codes from one form of media into another.There are various films that embody into narratives/style some conventions that you would usually find with video games. Films Groundhog Day (1993) Toy Story (1995) Run Lola Run (1998) 

Week 15 Narrative and Games

Narrative

Narrative is part of a closely related triumvirate of elements:

Story	All the elements which end up being depicted This is not all the events that happen, much in a story might be implied and never explicitly stated.
Plot	•       The chain of causation – which dictates that these events are somehow linked and are therefore to be depicted in relation to each other. •       This is often linear causation but it does not have to be.
Narrative	The order in which events are revealed. This is     certainly not the same as the order in which any real world events may take place.

Events can be revealed in many ways.  Even within traditional media
such as film they can be revealed:

First Hand: Showing – Acted out by individuals in real time, in the correct chronological order, or in flashback.

Second Hand: Revealed by characters who were either directly involved in the event or not.  In chronological order or not.

In Games these devices are obviously available but other ways of revealing events are used.  An example here is the use of scrolls or books, these may provide story, imply plot, or drive the narrative forward.

•          Narrative flows under the direction of the author.

•          Interactivity is about providing the player with the motive power to act.

•          Remember Games Ordering, Do, Show, Tell.

Story	Game
Divergence makes for a less satisfactory story	Restriction makes for a less satisfactory game

Jenkins argues that this means that aspects of narratives tend to be isolated from the computer gameness of games.  They may be delivered in the form of cut scenes.

Not all games tell stories: Tetris, the desire to remove clutter and clear space, the ability to arrange the blocks with speed to get the satisfaction of getting a new high score.

Environmental Storytelling: For Jenkins a better comparison for game narrative is not literature but amusement parks.  This is because amusement parks don’t reproduce the literal work / or the film but instead they provide a set of rules giving a structure and meaning to the experience.

Week 14 Gender in Games

One of the most straightforward arguments is that it is because women are

Under-represented within the games design industry that they find themselves

Stereotyped when they play games.  There are 3 categories that how women are represented in games:

The Helpless Female - The Damsel in Distress is the classic fairy story princess who’s task is to wait to be rescued.

Sex Kittens - This set of representations are very broad they cover examples of sexual activity specifically aimed at a male audience. Mainstream games that have voluptuous female characters that engage in activities that are designed to solidify / satisfy male heterosexual desires

Girl Power Figures – For those women called Action Babes, who although they are sexualised are able to handle weapons with style and panache

Games are not the only form of media that represent women in these ways, Film, Tv, Advertising etc.

The work force in the gaming industry is mainly populated by men. The percentage of men and women in each job description within the gaming industry.

	Males %	Females %
Ops/IT/HR	53%	47%
Writing	70%	30%
Mkt/PR/Sales	75%	25%
Production	79%	21%
QA	87%	13%
Eecutive	88%	12%
Visual Arts	89%	11%
Design	90%	10%
Audio	90%	10%
Programming	95%	5%

73% of the British population plays games. As can be expected the percentage is higher among young people but even so more than a third of every age group plays. The difference between men and women is mainly seen in the choice of platform and number of hours spent.

The United Kingdom is crazy about console games. This accounts for men as well as women. Playing online on game portals is also very popular with women, especially in the age groups 20-34, 35-49 and over 50 where they outnumber the men.

Week 12 Games Britania Part 2 and Part 3

                The second part of the three part series Woolley traces the surprising political and social impact that board games have had in Britain over the last 200 years. It was the British who developed the idea of the board game as an instrument of moral instruction and exported it to America. There, it was adapted to promote the American Dream of free enterprise and economic success. In this episode Woolley went back through the past of the war days talking about the board games Cluedo, Scrabble and Monopoly are the British family favourite games to date. In today’s day board games have evolved dramatically to include such things like fantasy role playing games for example Dungeons and Dragons which is an American invention. The British still continue in producing niche political games like War on Terror.

                In the final part of the series Woolley explores the journey that games have undergone from the board to screen and the reflection on how rapidly its changing the history of modern Britain. The big British years of the 90’s introduced characters like Lara Croft to the world beyond video games and they were propelled into the internet age and she was put into films as well.  The investigation that Woolley undertook investigations to the present day where he found where he talks about GTA4 and how it requires you to shoot and survive but to also make the moral choice that have a visible effect in the game.